{"id":66092,"date":"2004-09-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-09-30T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/2004\/09\/30\/le-role-de-deformation-des-medias-dans-lappreciation-des-debats-televises-presidentiels-aux-usa\/"},"modified":"2004-09-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2004-09-30T00:00:00","slug":"le-role-de-deformation-des-medias-dans-lappreciation-des-debats-televises-presidentiels-aux-usa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/2004\/09\/30\/le-role-de-deformation-des-medias-dans-lappreciation-des-debats-televises-presidentiels-aux-usa\/","title":{"rendered":"Le r\u00f4le de d\u00e9formation des m\u00e9dias dans l’appr\u00e9ciation des d\u00e9bats t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s pr\u00e9sidentiels aux USA<\/em><\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le r\u00f4le de d\u00e9formation des m\u00e9dias dans l’appr\u00e9ciation des d\u00e9bats t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s pr\u00e9sidentiels aux USA<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\t30 septembre 2004 Aujourd’hui (demain pour nous, \u00e0 cause du d\u00e9calage horaire) a lieu aux Etats-Unis le premier d\u00e9bat t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9 entre les deux candidats aux \u00e9lections pr\u00e9sidentielles am\u00e9ricaines. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme importants, voire d\u00e9cisifs, selon les positions des deux candidats, pour l’issue des \u00e9lections. Le d\u00e9bat du 30 septembre a lieu alors que la situation est paradoxale ou ambigu\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\t• D’une part, les sondages donnent GW Bush vainqueur, de fa\u00e7on assez substantielle ces derniers jours.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\t• D’autre part, le pr\u00e9sident sortant s’agite dans une rh\u00e9torique totalement incertaine, voire compl\u00e8tement fausse, essentiellement sur la question de la crise irakienne.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tDans les deux cas, le candidat Kerry semble \u00e0 la fois \u00eatre un candidat bien plus s\u00e9rieux et un candidat disposant d’une cause bien plus juste \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre, une critique de plus en plus aigu\u00eb de la politique Bush en Irak. Pourtant, Kerry ne parvient \u00e0 aucun moment \u00e0 concr\u00e9tiser de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9cisive, voire seulement marquante, ces avantages potentiels. Les derni\u00e8res initiatives de strat\u00e9gie \u00e9lectorale de Kerry, reprenant \u00e0 son compte en les renversant les arguments de GW, semblent m\u00eame \u00e0 certains une strat\u00e9gie (\u00e9lectorale) du d\u00e9sespoir<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tSi l’on peut avancer que la campagne est une question d’homme, d’habilet\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9bat \u00e9lectoral, etc, on doit aussi admettre l’hypoth\u00e8se qu’il y a \u00e9galement, dans cette campagne \u00e9lectorale-l\u00e0, un climat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00e9trange. Tout semblerait se passer comme si le public, ou une certaine majorit\u00e9 du public \u00e9tait curieusement de parti pris, en s’arrangeant de la fiction de r\u00e9alit\u00e9 que lui offre GW Bush, donc acceptant la fiction que lui offre le pr\u00e9sident sortant<\/a> par volont\u00e9 d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tC’est dans ce cadre \u00e9trange qu’il faut appr\u00e9cier l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement du d\u00e9bat t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9. Bien entendu, l’interpr\u00e9tation des m\u00e9dias jouera un r\u00f4le puissant, dont on peut attendre qu’il soit essentiellement de d\u00e9formation et d’interpr\u00e9tation tendancieuse. Ci-dessous, un texte du groupe FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting)<\/a>, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans l’observation des m\u00e9dias, nous rappelle quelques faits de pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents d\u00e9bats o\u00f9 figura GW Bush et du r\u00f4le des m\u00e9dias.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Post-Debate Fact-Checking Is Media’s Main Job <\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\tBy FAIR, September 29, 2004<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tWho wins the presidential debate on Thursday may well depend on how well<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tmedia do their job on Friday.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tIn past debates, post-debate commentary has frequently focused on the<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tcandidates’ style, body language and other cosmetic issues. The L.A. Times<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\t(9\/29\/04) suggested that these seemingly unimportant details can swing a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tcampaign: Who could have predicted that in 1992 the camera would catch an<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tapparently unengaged President George H.W. Bush checking his watch during<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\ta debate with Arkansas Gov. Bill Clinton? (Bush lost the election.) That<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tin 2000, Gore would be remembered for inappropriately grimacing and<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tsighing during his first debate with Bush? (Gore lost.)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tOf course, if one were told that the media would play tape of these<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tmoments over and over again, than it would be relatively easy to predict<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tthat these would be the moments that voters remember. Something that isn’t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\twidely remembered is the fact that initial post-debate polls showed Gore<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\twinning that debate in the minds of voters (Daily Howler, 9\/28\/04); it was<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tonly after media commentary focused obsessively on Gore’s reaction shots<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tthat the perception was created that his performance was a disaster.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tThe fact is, voters don’t need to be told whether they are put off by a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tcandidate’s style or mannerisms; they are fully capable of analyzing their<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\town reaction without pundit intervention. What the public cannot easily do<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tis determine whether factual claims made during a debate are accurate or<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tnot– and in this far more critical role, media commentators have often<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tfallen down on the job.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tIn one of the most dramatic moments of the 1992 vice presidential debate,<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tVice President Dan Quayle (10\/13\/92) charged that Al Gore’s book, Earth in<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tthe Balance, proposed that the taxpayers of America spend $100 billion a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tyear on environmental projects in foreign countries; when Gore maintained<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tthat he hadn’t written that, Quayle cited a page number where the proposal<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tcould be found.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tOne of the few media outlets to look up what the book actually said was<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tthe New York Times, which reported the next day (10\/14\/92) that while the<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tbook did say $100 billion a year was needed for global environmental<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tprojects, Mr. Gore notes in the book that such levels of spending would<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tbe impossible given the country’s economic distress and calls on the other<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tindustrialized countries to contribute. But the Times neutralized its<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tattempt at fact-checking by prefacing it with the statement, There are<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\telements of truth in the statements of both men, and labeling the passage<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tTruth on Both Sides.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tGeorge W. Bush made a series of false or deceptive claims in his debates<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\twith Al Gore in 2000: He asserted, for example, that in his tax plan, by<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tfar the majority of the help goes to the people at the bottom end of the<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\teconomic ladder (10\/11\/00), when Congress’ Joint Committee on Taxation<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\t(5\/3\/00) had found that the bottom half of the economic spectrum would<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\treceive only 10 percent of Bush’s income tax cut.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tAt another point (10\/11\/00), Bush declared that we spend $4.7 billion a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tyear on the uninsured in the state of Texas. But the state of Texas<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\titself spent less than $1 billion a year on those without medical<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tinsurance; only by adding together all federal, local and private spending<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tcan you come up with Bush’s figure (Window on State Government, 5\/10\/00).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tFew outlets bothered to examine what we meant in Bush’s statement.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tOne of the most dramatic moments during the Bush\/Gore debates was when the<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\ttwo candidates heatedly clashed over what Bush’s Medicare plan offered. It<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\twas this dispute that produced Gore’s infamous sighs, which received far<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tmore attention than the question of who was actually telling the truth in<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tthe argument. Bob Somerby of the Daily Howler (9\/28\/04) summed up the New<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tYork Times’ coverage:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tIn the next day’s fact-checks, Robin Toner reviewed the heated drug<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tdebate, summarizing what the hopefuls had said. (Toner: Mr. Bush accused<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tMr. Gore of using Medi-scare tactics, while Mr. Gore accused Mr. Bush of<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tadvancing a plan that offered little or no help to most Medicare<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tbeneficiaries.’) But incredibly, she never said who had been right in the<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tfactual battle the two hopefuls waged, and we have never found any place<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\twhere the Times told readers that Bush had been wrong on the basic facts<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tof this matter.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tThis kind of coverage evades journalism’s most important responsibility <\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tto separate truth from falsehood. If the November election is decided on<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tthe basis of trivia, post-debate coverage that fails to do its job will<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\tbear much of the blame.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\t[Notre recommandation est que ce texte doit \u00eatre lu avec la mention classique \u00e0 l’esprit, Disclaimer: In accordance with 17 U.S.C. 107, this material is distributed without profit or payment to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving this information for non-profit research and educational purposes only..]<\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le r\u00f4le de d\u00e9formation des m\u00e9dias dans l’appr\u00e9ciation des d\u00e9bats t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s pr\u00e9sidentiels aux USA 30 septembre 2004 Aujourd’hui (demain pour nous, \u00e0 cause du d\u00e9calage horaire) a lieu aux Etats-Unis le premier d\u00e9bat t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9 entre les deux candidats aux \u00e9lections pr\u00e9sidentielles am\u00e9ricaines. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme importants, voire d\u00e9cisifs, selon les positions… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[868,934,855,4361],"class_list":["post-66092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-faits-et-commentaires","tag-bush","tag-clinton","tag-kerry","tag-majorite"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66092","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66092"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66092\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66092"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66092"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66092"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}