{"id":70024,"date":"2008-07-07T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2008-07-07T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/2008\/07\/07\/la-fatigue-du-monde-1\/"},"modified":"2008-07-07T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2008-07-07T00:00:00","slug":"la-fatigue-du-monde-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/2008\/07\/07\/la-fatigue-du-monde-1\/","title":{"rendered":"La fatigue du monde"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><h2 class=\"titleset_a.deepblue\" style=\"color:#0f3955;font-size:2em;\">La fatigue du monde<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>7 juillet 2008 &mdash; Larry Elliott, commentateur \u00e9conomique du <em>Guardian<\/em>, a beau jeu, <a class=\"gen\" href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/business\/2008\/jul\/07\/globaleconomy.economics\">aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/a>, de nous proposer une relecture du communiqu\u00e9 final du G8 de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, en juin 2007 en Allemagne. Vous rappelez-vous du communiqu\u00e9 du sommet de Heiligendamm, en Allemagne, les 6-8 juin 2007? Elliott, sarcastique, nous rafra&icirc;chit la m\u00e9moire.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&laquo;<em>&#8230;I&rsquo;m sure the details of last year&rsquo;s communique are etched into your brain but just in case you&rsquo;ve forgotten what was agreed in Heiligendamm, here&rsquo;s a reminder. \u00ab\u00a0We noted,\u00a0\u00bb the G8 said, \u00ab\u00a0that the world economy is in good condition and growth is more evenly distributed across regions.\u00a0\u00bb This was June 8, 2007, two months to the day before the entire global financial system came to a shuddering halt. If you like your humour black, it&rsquo;s rather funny isn&rsquo;t it?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>But wait, because it gets better. The communique expressed confidence that there would be \u00ab\u00a0a smooth adjustment of global imbalances which should take place in the context of sustained and robust economic growth\u00a0\u00bb. Glad to see, then, that there was no risk that the US sub-prime mortgage crisis would prompt what the International Monetary Fund has called the biggest shock to the global financial system since the Great Depression.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>In fact, the G8 had nothing to say about housing bubbles at all, though it did find time to discuss the need for a settlement between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. And so it goes on. The G8 managed a cursory glance at what hedge funds were up to and decided that &ndash; on balance &ndash; there was nothing really to worry about. \u00ab\u00a0While noting the positive contribution [sic] of hedge funds to financial-market stability, we also want to minimise systemic risks by increasing transparency and market discipline on the part of all parties involved.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>&raquo;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>Puis Elliott fait son travail de commentateur \u00e9conomique. Il explique ce qui se passe actuellement, selon son appr\u00e9ciation. Il d\u00e9crit succinctement ce qui lui para&icirc;t le plus frappant dans les tourments \u00e9conomiques actuels du monde. En gros, il s&rsquo;agit de ce que les Anglo-Saxons, favoris\u00e9s par la grammaire, nomment \u00ab\u00a0<em>The three F<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0, selon le titre de l&rsquo;\u00e9ditorial du m\u00eame <em>Guardian<\/em>, <a class=\"gen\" href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/commentisfree\/2008\/jul\/07\/g8.globaleconomy\">aujourd&rsquo;hui<\/a> \u00e9galement: carburant (<em>fuel<\/em>), aliments (<em>foods<\/em>), finance (<em>finance<\/em>). Puis Elliott conclut en revenant \u00e0 la m\u00eame id\u00e9e qu&rsquo;il signale au d\u00e9but de son commentaire: le vide (<em>vacuum<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&laquo;<em>If the G8 was doing its job properly, this week&rsquo;s communique would be rather shorter than usual. It would say the world is about to be battered by a triple crunch of a credit-fuelled financial crisis, galloping climate change and &ndash; even in the absence of speculation &ndash; a long-term increase in energy prices caused by the imminence of peak oil.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>All this requires more than just the tired old business as usual nostrums. On the last two occasions the global economy reached crisis point &ndash; in the 1930s and 1970s &ndash; there was radical change. It is worrying and depressing that there is an intellectual vacuum when there ought to be a plethora of ideas about how to dig ourselves out of this hole.<\/em>&raquo;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>Dans un article publi\u00e9 il y a une grosse semaine, le <a class=\"gen\" href=\"http:\/\/www.spacewar.com\/reports\/Walkers_World_The_new_era_of_state_rules_999.html\">30 juin<\/a>, Martin Walker, de UPI, annon\u00e7ait que le monde \u00e9tait au bord d&rsquo;un grand changement. Apr\u00e8s trente ans d&rsquo;un cycle de libre-\u00e9change et de lib\u00e9ralisation \u00e0 outrance, ce que Walker nomme \u00ab\u00a0l&rsquo;\u00e8re Reagan-Thatcher\u00a0\u00bb, nous sommes sur le point d&rsquo;entrer dans un nouveau cycle d&rsquo;interventionnisme des Etats.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>The 30-year era of free trade and free markets is now ending. The immediate cause of its demise has been the financial crisis and the demand for more regulation of the financial markets.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>The underlying causes are even more potent. The first is demographics. Led by Europe and Japan, the world&rsquo;s population is aging fast. In 1998 for the first time, the number of people over 60 in the developed world exceeded those below the age of 15. In about 30 years from now (on current trends), that majority of the elderly will apply to the whole human population.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>That means that pensions and health costs for the elderly are going to grow very sharply, and that will mean more taxes and an ever greater role for the state in collecting and redistributing income.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>The second underlying cause is that the losers from the globalization process are winning the political battle over the far greater number of beneficiaries. Well-organized and vocal opponents of free trade in the G8 countries have managed to delay and weaken and virtually sabotage the Doha Round of the world trade talks. Even the most obviously benign and useful bilateral free trade agreements, like the one with Colombia, are blocked in the U.S. Congress. In the EU, the world food crisis has provided the French and their allies with the perfect cover to block any further attempts to reform the dreadful Common Agricultural Policy.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>The third underlying cause is climate change. Globalization has produced so many more consumers of oil and food and water that the biosphere is straining to cope. The fact that both U.S. presidential candidates support a cap-and-trade system to tackle climate change means that a Kyoto 2 is now very nearly inevitable. This again will mean more regulation, more taxation and not just greater power for government but a much more prominent role in setting industrial strategy.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&raquo;<em>Shortages of food and water and other resource constraints are likely to have a similar effect. The era of big government is back.<\/em>&raquo;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>Martin Walker articule son analyse sur l&rsquo;id\u00e9e th\u00e9orique selon laquelle l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie mondiale \u00e9volue par cycles de trente ann\u00e9es. Comme toutes les id\u00e9es th\u00e9orique, la chose a la nettet\u00e9 du sch\u00e9matisme et l&rsquo;on pourrait en tirer l&rsquo;impression qu&rsquo;il y a toujours un capitaine \u00e0 bord du navire, &ndash; et nous sommes s&ucirc;r qu&rsquo;en insistant un peu, on pourrait m\u00eame conna&icirc;tre son \u00e2ge. Walker en conclut donc que le un cycle interventionniste o&ugrave; nous entrons durera jusqu&rsquo;autour de 2040.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>&laquo;<em>The next stage is upon us. There will be more powers to the states, and probably more international regulation and governance, more managed trade and more government intrusion. If we are lucky, this coming era may even resolve the challenges of climate change and the looming pension and healthcare crises. But sometime around the year 2040, the conventional wisdom will change and the cycle will turn again.<\/em>&raquo;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><h3 class=\"subtitleset_b.deepblue\" style=\"color:#0f3955;font-size:1.65em;font-variant:small-caps;\">Entre vide et d\u00e9sordre<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>2040? Pourquoi pas&hellip; L&rsquo;\u00e2ge du capitaine? Comme c&rsquo;est int\u00e9ressant. Certes, l&rsquo;observation de Martin Walker sur le retour de l&rsquo;interventionnisme ne manque pas d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat. Elle sugg\u00e8re le constat de l&rsquo;effondrement des th\u00e8ses de la globalisation et de la lib\u00e9ralisation, ce qui est particuli\u00e8rement instructif alors que les intellectuels parisiens d\u00e9battent de la fa\u00e7on dont \u00ab\u00a0la France retardataire\u00a0\u00bb doit s&rsquo;adapter de toute urgence \u00e0 la globalisation et \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ralisation. (M\u00eame chose pour le mod\u00e8le anglo-saxon, dont les salons parisiens tentent de percer le secret pour y faire entrer la France et dont Walker nous dit : &laquo;<em>The Anglo-Saxon economic model looks rather less impressive today than it did in the Clinton-Blair years.<\/em>&raquo;)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>Les remarques de Larry Elliott sont \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressantes parce qu&rsquo;elles nous restituent, elles, un peu de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, ce qui compte, ce qui fait l&rsquo;Histoire, c&rsquo;est la \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9alit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate\u00a0\u00bb bien plus que l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se de savoir o&ugrave; nous en serons en 2040. Les \u00e9v\u00e9nements d\u00e9filent \u00e0 une telle vitesse qu&rsquo;effectivement \u00ab\u00a0la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate\u00a0\u00bb et l&rsquo;Histoire tendent \u00e0 se confondre. Il ne faut pas \u00eatre grand clerc pour constater et tourner en d\u00e9rision l&rsquo;inexistence du pouvoir politique, tel qu&rsquo;il se balade, de sommet de G8 en sommet de G8. Il faut \u00e0 peine de l&rsquo;imagination pour sourire \u00e0 la question de savoir ce qu&rsquo;il restera de MM. Bush, Brown et Sarkozy en 2040, &ndash; et ce qu&rsquo;il restera de nous, d&rsquo;ailleurs.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>Alors, on comprend sans grand effort d&rsquo;imagination qu&rsquo;il y a une contradiction de fort grand poids entre les deux commentaires que nous avons choisis de citer. Walker annonce le retour de l&rsquo;interventionnisme, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire le retour des gouvernements et de la d\u00e9cision des hommes politiques, &ndash; et l&rsquo;on dirait : pourquoi pas, c&rsquo;est sans doute une bonne chose. Mais Elliott nous r\u00e9pond : il n&rsquo;y a plus d&rsquo;hommes politiques, il n&rsquo;y a plus de gouvernements, &ndash; ce qui nous semble \u00e9galement une \u00e9vidence. M\u00eame les adeptes les plus convaincus du syst\u00e8me ne peuvent \u00e9viter une remarque dans ce sens. (Le <em>Times<\/em> de <a class=\"gen\" href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/asia\/article4282140.ece\">ce matin<\/a> reconna&icirc;t tout de m\u00eame \u00e0 nos divers Grands Leaders la capacit\u00e9 \u00e9ventuelle de nous calmer un peu les nerfs, &ndash; le G8 vu comme une bonne dose de <em>Xanax<\/em>: &laquo;<em>The task of overcoming these complex problems is beyond the capacity of even the G8, but the leaders will express their concern about the situation and set out some guiding principles in an effort to calm jittery nerves.<\/em>&raquo;)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>Notre constat \u00e9volue entre deux mots : \u00ab\u00a0vide\u00a0\u00bb (\u00ab\u00a0<em>vacuum<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0) et d\u00e9sordre. Il n&rsquo;y a qu&rsquo;\u00e0 observer nos gouvernements et l&rsquo;\u00e9tat du monde pour en \u00eatre convaincus. Mais il y a plus; il y a quelque chose d&rsquo;autre, d&rsquo;encore plus convaincant pour nous permettre d&rsquo;avancer notre jugement sur l&rsquo;\u00e9tat du monde. Le vide et le d\u00e9sordre affectent surtout nos psychologies et, par cons\u00e9quent, nos pens\u00e9es, si cette chose-l\u00e0 existe encore. Les dirigeants du monde ont aujourd&rsquo;hui l&rsquo;allure de pantins d\u00e9sorient\u00e9s mais \u00e0 la bonne figure (sourires m\u00e9diatiques, plaisanteries, tons cassants quand on leur pose une question venimeuse). Ce que nous d\u00e9couvrons, de G8 en G8, et celui-l\u00e0 particuli\u00e8rement car les \u00e9v\u00e9nements vont vite, et nous dirons la m\u00eame chose en pire du suivant, &ndash; c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a m\u00eame plus de manipulateurs pour tirer les ficelles. Nos dirigeants sont des pantins dont plus personne ne tire les ficelles, plut\u00f4t flasques que d\u00e9sarticul\u00e9s. M\u00eame les manipulateurs sont fatigu\u00e9s, eux aussi de plus en plus emport\u00e9s vivement par le vide et le d\u00e9sordre.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><p>Le G8 nous montre un monde politique globalis\u00e9 compl\u00e8tement paralys\u00e9, entre vide et d\u00e9sordre. Jamais les \u00e9v\u00e9nements n&rsquo;ont couru aussi vite, emport\u00e9s par un irr\u00e9sistible courant tandis que les embouteillages rendent les routes de nos vacances si difficiles \u00e0 pratiquer. Le contraste entre ce mouvement forcen\u00e9 et cette paralysie est frappant; il est aussi \u00e9difiant. La rupture entre l&rsquo;Histoire et l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce humaine qui nous assure depuis quelques si\u00e8cles avoir pris les choses en main est aujourd&rsquo;hui consomm\u00e9e. L&rsquo;<a class=\"gen\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dedefensa.org\/article.php?art_id=5215\">\u00e9poque<\/a> est <a class=\"gen\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dedefensa.org\/article.php?art_id=4787\">absolument<\/a> <a class=\"gen\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dedefensa.org\/article.php?art_id=5122\">eschatologique<\/a>, &ndash; ce qui, apr\u00e8s tout, vu l&rsquo;\u00e9tat du monde aujourd&rsquo;hui, serait une vision moins d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e qu&rsquo;on croit: &laquo;<em>L&rsquo;eschatologie ne consiste pas \u00e0 dire: voil\u00e0 o&ugrave; l&rsquo;on va aboutir, mais \u00e0 dire: demain peut \u00eatre diff\u00e9rent, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire: tout ne peut pas \u00eatre r\u00e9duit \u00e0 ce qui existe aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/em>&raquo;<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La fatigue du monde 7 juillet 2008 &mdash; Larry Elliott, commentateur \u00e9conomique du Guardian, a beau jeu, aujourd&rsquo;hui, de nous proposer une relecture du communiqu\u00e9 final du G8 de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, en juin 2007 en Allemagne. Vous rappelez-vous du communiqu\u00e9 du sommet de Heiligendamm, en Allemagne, les 6-8 juin 2007? Elliott, sarcastique, nous rafra&icirc;chit la&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[7548,4307,3518,4608],"class_list":["post-70024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-faits-et-commentaires","tag-eschatologie","tag-g8","tag-histoire","tag-paralysie"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70024","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70024"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70024\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=70024"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=70024"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}