\t31 janvier 2009 Le terme est utilis\u00e9 par Sean O’Grady dans The Independent<\/em> de ce 31 janvier 2009<\/a>: \u00abDeglobalisation: What is it? And why Britain should be scared<\/em>\u00bb. Le terme d\u00e9signe \u00e9videmment le mouvement inverse de la globalisation, actuellement en cours pour des raisons de protection, de prudence, de protection devant la violence de la crise. Cette situation peut \u00eatre caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e \u00e9galement par la mont\u00e9e du protectionnisme. Mais l’emploi du mot, forg\u00e9 pour l’occasion, de d\u00e9globalisation, implique de consid\u00e9rer ce renouveau de protectionnisme comme une mesure qui n’est pas seulement d’occasion, ni de simple r\u00e9flexe, mais qui sugg\u00e8re un mouvement de mise en cause de la structure et de la philosophie de l’\u00e9conomie du monde, la crise elle-m\u00eame sugg\u00e9rant cette attitude. Les Britanniques sont particuli\u00e8rement concern\u00e9s, et \u00e9galement pr\u00e9occup\u00e9s tant leur \u00e9conomie est fondamentalement orient\u00e9e dans le sens de cette philosophie ainsi mise en p\u00e9ril, au niveau de sa structure m\u00eame, dans tous les domaines de la vie nationale.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t\u00abThe City of London is an obvious example of foreign labour and capital flowing freely and, until recently, was capable of generating huge wealth. But other financial and business services, from insurance to consultancy, also depend on those free international flows.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t\u00bbVirtually the whole of our electricity supply and water utilities are owned by German, French and other foreign entities, many of our high street banks are owned by the Spanish Santander group and our leading car makers are Japanese, German, Indian and American and they export 80 per cent of their output. Even the Post Office will be half-owned by the Dutch. There’s also Heathrow, an international hub. Tourism and the creative industries, key to our prosperity, are both global trades. Look too at the Polish and Lithuanian builders and potato pickers, Nigerian taxi drivers and South African nurses all of whom have provided a net benefit to the British economy. Their contribution to lowering the cost of living and maintaining the NHS is scarcely noticed, let alone praised. Not to mention the emergence of chicken tikka masala as our national dish.<\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \tSi l’on en revient au protectionnisme, qui est le signe le plus apparent, le plus spectaculaire de la d\u00e9globalisation, il faut savoir qu’il a d’ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 une dimension politique et qu’il interf\u00e8re d’ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur les relations entre l’Europe et les USA de Barack Obama. A cause de cela, on commence d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 s’interroger sur la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de cette ni\u00e8me lune de miel entre l’Europe et les USA (entre ROW et les USA), annonc\u00e9e bruyamment avec le nouveau pr\u00e9sident, une grosse semaine apr\u00e8s que ce pr\u00e9sident ait pris ses fonctions. La crise brouille toutes les cartes, et \u00e0 son rythme, qui est \u00e9tourdissant.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t Les Britanniques, les plus proches des USA, les cousins anglo-saxons, sont \u00e0 nouveau sur le front, cette fois dans l’attaque contre les USA, sur le point pr\u00e9cis de la r\u00e9introduction d’une forme de Buy American Act<\/em> dans la loi sur le plan de relance (ou stimulus plan<\/em>) en train d’\u00eatre discut\u00e9 \u00e0 Washington. Le Business Secretary<\/em> (nous laissons le titre dans sa langue originale tant la traduction en ministre des Affaires rend un son \u00e9trange) du gouvernement Brown, Lord Peter Mandelson, lance de Davos une critique violente contre Washington et les USA, rapport\u00e9e par le Times<\/em> de ce m\u00eame 31 janvier<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t\u00abIn a broadside against the plan, Lord Mandelson said national schemes to encourage countries’ own consumers to buy products made at home created a serious danger of igniting protectionist trade confrontations. I understand why people want to make their own choice. That is why if these Buy American’, or buy this’, or buy that’ campaigns get underway you will stand at risk of translating that into real barriers to trade, which is the last thing we need in the global economy, he said.<\/em> []<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t\u00bbLord Mandelson condemned what he said were emerging protectionism moves being taken by some governments across the 27-nation European Union. We created the single market to sustain economic growth and not to start turning in on each other. However, at a keynote lunch in Davos for British business leaders, he emphasised that the trend was evident not just in Europe but across the world. Global trade is going to go backwards this year for the first time since 1982. I think that there is a real risk that governments and businesses will see protectionism as the necessary medicine in these conditions but it is also the poison as far as the recovery is concerned, he said. That is the lesson we should draw from the 1930s mistakes we should not repeat in the 21st century.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t\u00bbLord Mandelson reinforced an earlier warning from Gordon Brown over what he called financial mercantilism – an emerging trend that is seeing banks pull back billions from foreign markets to their national home bases.<\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t Il est vrai qu’\u00e0 Bruxelles, dans les diff\u00e9rents milieux europ\u00e9ens, la question de la renaissance du protectionnisme est d\u00e9sormais centrale. \u00abA la Commission europ\u00e9enne, <\/em>nous dit une source europ\u00e9enne, la perception de la crise continue \u00e0 \u00eatre \u00e9trangement cloisonn\u00e9e, tant est grande la lourdeur de cette bureaucratie et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e son irresponsabilit\u00e9 politique. Mais la question du protectionnisme est celle par laquelle la grandeur de la crise est en train de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer les esprits. Il y a une crainte immense, presque de la panique, de constater tous les signes de r\u00e9surgence du protectionnisme, d’abord, bien s\u00fbr, aux USA<\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \tCette pr\u00e9occupation a un \u00e9cho officiel, tel que le rapporte le EUObserver<\/em> le 30 janvier<\/a>, et cette pr\u00e9occupation concerne effectivement l’attitude US, le plan de stimulation:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t\u00abThe EU is watching closely to see whether a \u00ab\u00a0Buy American\u00a0\u00bb provision relating to steel will make it into the final version of the US stimulus plan bill to be signed by Barack Obama, fearing it will affect European exports. The provision forcing contractors to use only US-made steel in development projects funded by the proposed $825 billion (630 billion) stimulus plan is contained in a version approved by the House of Representatives on Wednesday (28 January). The Senate is currently debating the bill.<\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t\u00bb \t\u00bbUnder the current proposal, foreign steel can only be used for infrastructure projects funded by the stimulus plan if the head of a federal department decides that using solely US steel would increase costs by more than 25 percent.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n