{"id":75596,"date":"2014-11-09T12:00:24","date_gmt":"2014-11-09T12:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/2014\/11\/09\/1989-annus-mirabilis\/"},"modified":"2014-11-09T12:00:24","modified_gmt":"2014-11-09T12:00:24","slug":"1989-annus-mirabilis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/2014\/11\/09\/1989-annus-mirabilis\/","title":{"rendered":"1989, Annus Mirabilis<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"

1989, Annus Mirabilis<\/em><\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

Voici un texte de Ivan Vejvoda, vice pr\u00e9sident (senior Vice President<\/em>) pour les programmes au German Marshall Fund (GMF). Ce texte est emprunt\u00e9 au site du GMF, et il est en date du 6 novembre 2014<\/a>. On consultera l’article<\/a> que Wikipedia<\/em> consacre \u00e0 Vejvoda pour en savoir plus \u00e0 son propos. On notera pour l’essentiel qu’occuper un poste de responsabilit\u00e9 au GMF, qui est l’une des courroies de transmission les plus \u00e9l\u00e9gantes du Syst\u00e8me dans son axe transatlantique, apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 de 1998 \u00e0 2002 Directeur de la Fondation Soros \u00e0 Belgrade permet de se faire une id\u00e9e pr\u00e9cise des tendances politiques et id\u00e9ologiques de cette personnalit\u00e9, et de sa position vis-\u00e0-vis du Syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Le texte de Vejvoda est \u00e9crit \u00e0 l’occasion du 25\u00e8me anniversaire de la chute du Mur de Berlin. Il en appr\u00e9hende les causes diverses, toutes venues de l ‘\u00e9volution de la sph\u00e8re communise, et les \u00e9v\u00e9nements qui ont suivi. Il s’agit d’un texte court, rapide et complet, sans outrance, et enfin parfaitement st\u00e9r\u00e9otypiques de la version-Syst\u00e8me de cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement et de cette tranche d’histoire. Il nous sert en quelque sorte de \u00ab\u00a0papier-martyr\u00a0\u00bb pour d\u00e9velopper notre appr\u00e9ciation de l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement (9 novembre 1989) et de ses effets jusqu’\u00e0 aujourd’hui. Nous avons nous-m\u00eames soulign\u00e9 de gras les remarques, les phrases, les passages qui nous int\u00e9ressent, qui nous servent dans des Note d’analyse<\/em> publi\u00e9es en parall\u00e8le. On notera notamment le dernier paragraphe de conclusion, qui est une perspective pessimiste au terme d’une narrative<\/em> que le Syst\u00e8me avait voulue flatteuse et prometteuse.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

dedefensa.org<\/em><\/h4>\n<\/p>\n

_________________________<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

The Road to 1989 and Its Legacy<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

In East Berlin, on the night of November 9, 1989, an international order that had originated in Yalta and Potsdam 45 years earlier came to a dramatic end. The fall of the Berlin Wall triggered a series of major events, beginning with the reunification of Germany in 1990. Thus began the first accelerated transition to democracy by a former communist country, the German Democratic Republic. Following a massive political, economic, and social integration effort, Germany today stands as a major force in Europe and in the European Union.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Communism’s end in Europe came much earlier and more suddenly than anyone had expected. Many circumstances and events — both major and minor — led to the breakthrough. Individuals and movements in several communist countries courageously stood up for their rights and freedoms, from the protestors in East Germany in 1953 and Hungary in 1956 to those in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and Poland in 1981. They created alternative spaces and oases of civil society. They were often crushed and brutally repressed, but held on to a deep unflinching commitment, with the hope that their struggles for human dignity and freedom would one day bear fruit. The Helsinki Accords of 1975 created an additional basis for the pursuit of human rights and freedom in authoritarian regimes on which dissidents could rely.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

The appearance of Mikhail Gorbachev at the helm of the Soviet Union in 1985 led to the modest political openings<\/strong> of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reform movement). Gorbachev came up with a \u00ab\u00a0My Way\u00a0\u00bb doctrine<\/strong> of letting the Soviet satellite countries follow their own paths, relinquishing Moscow’s iron grip over Central and East Europe. This led to cascading openings — the shedding of authoritarian structures, the progressive espousal of democratic political institutions, and the gradual evolution of market economies based on the rule of law — in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

The political, economic, and military pressure of the United States and West European states in the 1980s also contributed significantly to the geopolitical dynamic along the Cold War fault line<\/strong>. But the principle legacy of 1989, of the annus mirabilis, is one of the resilience and courage of individuals and whole societies in their pursuit of freedoms and rights, often under adverse circumstances. Their return to a Europe whole, free, and fully at peace — and to democracy, values, and rules-based polities — was largely and undeniably successful.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

In the years following the fall of the Berlin Wall, the European Union spearheaded its greatest enlargement through a democratization process that led to the integration of these countries in 2004, 2007, and 2013. NATO led a parallel enlargement process of its own in 1999, 2004, and 2009. The historical sea change also led to the breakup of three communist federations: peacefully in Czechoslovakia in 1993, more or less peacefully in the Soviet Union in 1991, and through a protracted conflict in the former Yugoslavia throughout the 1990s. The longest period of peace in Europe, made possible by the United States’ security umbrella, continues, notwithstanding the conflict in the Balkans or recent events in Ukraine.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Yet, despite the most optimistic predictions, history has continued<\/strong>. A quarter of a century later, geopolitics still constitute a core element of international relations. A number of frozen conflicts created in the early 1990s in such places as Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia remain unresolved to this day. And, also in 1989, on the other side of the world, a rising China violently repressed a democratic student and popular movement in Tiananmen Square.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Today, the bipolar world has become multipolar, a configuration that cannot yet be called a new order of the kind created after the Peace in Westphalia in 1648, the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Treaty of Versailles in 1918-19, or World War II. Today’s manifestations in many societies of public disaffection with politics, growing renationalization, widening inequality, and regional independence movements prevent the pursuit of greater predictability and in the lives of governments and citizens alike. The violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and the annexation of Crimea by Russia are a testimony to the persistence of an unsettled international order. The world still reverberates with the aftershocks of the seminal events of 1989.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Ivan Vejvoda, German Marshall Fund<\/em><\/h4><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1989, Annus Mirabilis Voici un texte de Ivan Vejvoda, vice pr\u00e9sident (senior Vice President) pour les programmes au German Marshall Fund (GMF). Ce texte est emprunt\u00e9 au site du GMF, et il est en date du 6 novembre 2014. On consultera l’article que Wikipedia consacre \u00e0 Vejvoda pour en savoir plus \u00e0 son propos. On… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[10819,5463,3670,2631,5348,8662,2632,3483,3717,8015,16157],"class_list":["post-75596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ouverture-libre","tag-10819","tag-anniversaire","tag-berlin","tag-de","tag-fund","tag-german","tag-globalisation","tag-gorbatchev","tag-marshall","tag-mur","tag-vejvoda"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75596","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=75596"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75596\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=75596"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=75596"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.dedefensa.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=75596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}